Showing posts with label Computer Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Computer Science. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Engineering: Information Modeling ~: Pronouns - why do we care?

Pronouns - why do we care?

If you ever get a chance to work with a client to develop information models for the client's business, pronouns are watchwords that cannot be modeled as facts. However, pronouns do point to the facts and can be used to discover the facts. Pronouns do provide a view of the facts. "send them a bill" "when will it start"

Information modeling is an activity everybody does. From birth to death, our mind constructs information models of our personal world. Everybody's information model is unique. No other person has one's information model. The senses provide the gateway allowing world information to engage with the brain and mind.

Language is an expression of people's information models. Words are the seeds of thought.

The nine types of pronouns indicate the person's internal reference to something else.  It is a fact that pronouns identify something else. but not the actual fact to be modeled. From an information modeling perspective, pronouns are predicates that indicate some type of relationship.

The types of pronouns are types of relationships:

Subjective - Taking place within the mind.
Object - a material thing that can be seen and touched.
Possessive - demanding someone's total attention
Reflexive - directed or turned back on itself
Intensive - highly concentrated
Indefinite - designating an unidentified
Demonstrative - real or true
Relative -  connected with another
Archaic - something from an earlier period

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/List-of-pronouns.htm

List known pronouns
The Free Dictionary Blog > There are more than 100 pronouns.

A list of pronouns, plus definitions for each type of pronoun. Scroll to the end for a full pronouns list.


What is a pronoun?

Pronouns are some of the most useful words in the English language. They are used in the place of a noun to avoid it having to be named twice. For example, Suzy threw the boomerang and it came back to her. In this sentence, "it" is a pronoun that represents the boomerang, and "her" is a pronoun that refers to Suzy. Without pronouns, we'd have to say Suzy threw the boomerang and the boomerang came back to Suzy. Without pronouns, how would we even say "we"?
Here's the full definition.

Definition of Pronoun

In English, the part of speech used as a substitute for an antecedent noun that is clearly understood, and with which it agrees in person, number, and gender. Pronouns are classified as personal (I, we, you, he, she, it, they), demonstrative (this, these, that, those), relative (who, which, that, as), indefinite (each, all, everyone, either, one, both, any, such, somebody), interrogative (who, which, what), reflexive (myself, herself), possessive (mine, yours, his, hers, theirs). There are also pronominal adjectives, sometimes called possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, our, their).

1. Personal Pronouns / Subject Pronouns

You already know subject pronouns, even if you didn't know that's what they were called. Subject pronouns are used to replace the subject in a sentence. You might also see them called "personal" pronouns, as they designate the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them). The following commonly used words are subject pronouns:
  • I
  • we
  • you (singular and plural)
  • he
  • she
  • it
  • they

Personal pronoun examples

I will be leaving soon.
You are welcome.
She is the new teacher.
He speaks three languages.
They are very friendly neighbors.

2. Object Pronouns

Object pronouns are used as the object of a verb or a preposition.
  • me
  • us
  • you (singular and plural)
  • her
  • him
  • it
  • them

Object pronoun examples

They offered me a ride. ("Me" is the object of the verb "offered.")
This letter is addressed to me. ("Me" is the object of the preposition "to.")
They gave us free tickets to the show. ("Us" is the object of the verb "gave.")

3. Possessive Pronouns

A possessive pronoun designates ownership and can substitute for noun phrases.
  • mine
  • ours
  • yours (singular and plural)
  • hers
  • his
  • theirs

Possessive pronoun examples

The green gloves are mine.
That cat is hers.
The red house is theirs.

Possessive Adjectives / Pronominal Adjectives

"Pronominal" describes something that resembles a pronoun, as by specifying a person, place, or thing, while functioning primarily as another part of speech. A pronominal adjective is an adjective that resembles a pronoun. "Her" in "her car" is a pronominal adjective.
  • my
  • our
  • your
  • her
  • his
  • their

4. Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns might be the easiest group to remember because they all have one thing in common: the ending "self" or "selves." That's because reflexive pronouns show how the actions of an aforementioned person or group affects him or her (or them).
  • myself
  • yourself
  • herself
  • himself
  • itself
  • ourselves
  • yourselves
  • themselves

Reflexive pronoun examples

I bought myself a new car.
That man thinks a great deal of himself.
We may be deceiving ourselves.

5. Intensive Pronouns

Intensive and reflexive pronouns are actually the exact same words (ending with "self" or "selves"), but they function differently in a sentence. Intensive pronouns not only refer back to a previously mentioned person or people, but they also emphasize. As their name suggests, they intensify.
  • myself
  • yourself
  • herself
  • himself
  • itself
  • ourselves
  • yourselves
  • themselves

Intensive pronoun examples

myself was certain of the facts.
The trouble is in the machine itself.
The cooks themselves eat after all the guests have finished.

6. Indefinite Pronouns

As the word "indefinite" suggests, these pronouns do not specify the identity of their referents. They are more vague than other pronouns.
  • all
  • another
  • any
  • anybody
  • anyone
  • anything
  • both
  • each
  • either
  • everybody
  • everyone
  • everything
  • few
  • many
  • most
  • neither
  • nobody
  • none
  • no one
  • nothing
  • one
  • other
  • others
  • several
  • some
  • somebody
  • someone
  • something
  • such

Indefinite pronouns examples

Both were candidates.
No one is home.
Several of the workers went home sick.

7. Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns specify a particular person or thing.
  • such
  • that
  • these
  • this
  • those

Demonstrative pronouns examples

I don't much care for these.
Who's that?
Such are the fortunes of war.

8. Interrogative Pronouns

This group of pronouns question which individual referent or referents are intended by the rest of the sentence.
  • what
  • whatever
  • which
  • whichever
  • who
  • whoever
  • whom
  • whomever
  • whose

Interrogative pronoun examples

Who left?
Which of these is yours?
Do whatever you please.

9. Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce a dependent clause and refer to an antecedent (simply the word or phrase to which a pronoun refers). For instance, who in the child who is wearing a hat or that in the house that you live in.
  • as
  • that
  • what
  • whatever
  • which
  • whichever
  • who
  • whoever
  • whom
  • whomever
  • whose

Relative pronoun examples

The car that has a flat tire needs to be towed.
The visitor who came yesterday left his phone number.
Do whatever you like.

10. Archaic Pronouns

There are several pronouns that have fallen out of common usage but appear frequently in older texts, so there is still a good chance that you will encounter them. "Thee" is an old word for "you" used only when addressing one person, while "thy" is an old word for "your." "Thine" indicates the one or ones belonging to thee.
  • thou
  • thee
  • thy
  • thine
  • ye

Archaic pronoun examples

Thou shalt not kill.
With this ring, I thee wed.
Thy name is more hateful than thy face.
To thine own self be true.

List of all pronouns

A full list of every word that can be considered a pronoun or pronominal adjective:
  • all
  • another
  • any
  • anybody
  • anyone
  • anything
  • as
  • aught
  • both
  • each
  • each other
  • either
  • enough
  • everybody
  • everyone
  • everything
  • few
  • he
  • her
  • hers
  • herself
  • him
  • himself
  • his
  • I
  • idem
  • it
  • its
  • itself
  • many
  • me
  • mine
  • most
  • my
  • myself
  • naught
  • neither
  • no one
  • nobody
  • none
  • nothing
  • nought
  • one
  • one another
  • other
  • others
  • ought
  • our
  • ours
  • ourself
  • ourselves
  • several
  • she
  • some
  • somebody
  • someone
  • something
  • somewhat
  • such
  • suchlike
  • that
  • thee
  • their
  • theirs
  • theirself
  • theirselves
  • them
  • themself
  • themselves
  • there
  • these
  • they
  • thine
  • this
  • those
  • thou
  • thy
  • thyself
  • us
  • we
  • what
  • whatever
  • whatnot
  • whatsoever
  • whence
  • where
  • whereby
  • wherefrom
  • wherein
  • whereinto
  • whereof
  • whereon
  • wherever
  • wheresoever
  • whereto
  • whereunto
  • wherewith
  • wherewithal
  • whether
  • which
  • whichever
  • whichsoever
  • who
  • whoever
  • whom
  • whomever
  • whomso
  • whomsoever
  • whose
  • whosever
  • whosesoever
  • whoso
  • whosoever
  • ye
  • yon
  • yonder
  • you
  • your
  • yours
  • yourself
  • yourselves

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Veteran: 38.1725 ~ Information Model

Veterans' Benefit 38 USC 1725  Statues as an Information Model

38 USC 1725 is the Law about business relationships with veterans, DVA, community providers, private insurance, and others.

This information model describes the business relationships.

Technical Background

Dictionary: An information model in software engineering is a representation of concepts and the relationships, constraints, rules, and operations to specify data semantics for a chosen domain of discourse. Typically, it specifies relations between kinds of things, but may also include relations with individual things. It can provide a sharable, stable, and organized structure of information requirements or knowledge for the domain context.

Ontology Models – Formal structures (classification systems, assemblies, and parts, language)

Affinity Models – Abstract structures (diagnostic, association, disassociation, discrimination, acceptance)  

Social Models – Tribe structures (law, group dynamics, bias influences, behavior expectation, linguistics)

Modeler Skills – Psychology, Information Science, Data Systems, Computer Science, Business Science (contract law, accounting, finance, economics, marketing), Domain Knowledge (medical, manufacturing, service, sales), Systems Analysis & Design, Communications, Business Arts (writing, speaking, management, social networks), Negotiation Reduction.   

Information Bridges 

Every domain has collective and subjective models particular to the domain. Engineering, science, teaching, government, family, medicine, transportation, recreation, commerce has different information modals inclusive to the domain. In the theater domain is serval well-understood information elements.  During the analysis of other domains, often the theater elements functions can be useful for affinity identification. Sometimes in domain analysis, information modelers use the theater element names to provide a concept bridge into the domain under analysis. As the information model matures, the domain name replaces the theater name.

Theater
Function
Business
Actors
Participants
Principals
Role
Activity
Party
Play
Interaction
Contract
Property
Things of Interest
Deliverables, Services
Stage
Environment
Law
Director
Goal Insight
Operations
Audience
Client
Customer
Tickets
Demand for property
Invoice
Performance
Production
Payout
Writers
Title
Owners

Watchwords:

During the analysis process, word terminology can be overloaded based on many factors.  If the analysis is specific to a domain, the terms can still be overloaded. Even two people can misunderstand each other. Nature grants people the ability to build the mind’s information model. As a result, every person’s information model is specific to the person.  Watchwords are terms the modeler use to as alerts that may affect the model. In language, word order defines syntax elements. Each word has a definition, order relationships together with definitions create communication meaning. Watchwords signal information semantics.

Common Terminology:

  • Wherever the term money appears, the term includes seven information attributes: name, title, asset, amount, use, event, warrant. Each attribute has one or more definite values. 
    • name - a label to identify money conveyance
    • title - the money's owner
    • asset - the title's social collateral 
    • amount - an asset's quantitive or qualitative measure
    • use - purpose or encumbrance for conveyance
    • event - the conveyance instance 
    • warrant - title's ownership right and sustainability.
    • value - data about the attribute

  • The insured hires the insurance company, insurer, to limit the payout liability of the insured. When the insured pays premiums for the insurance policy, the premium provides an obligation on the insurer with a guarantee the insurer will transfer title of the insurer’s money to the insured. Sometimes the insured will delegate authority to the insurer to pay money to the entity the insured has an obligation.
  • Agency is the most common type of contract for consumers.
  • Invoices and payments are contract instruments identifying money transfer.
  • A medical episode-of-care can have one or more medical expenses which is a fee for a medical service.
  • Grantor and grantee are actors in a title transfer.
  • Business accounting is a recording of money use.
  • Assets = Liability + Owner Equity (Revenue – Expenses) (a.k,a Net Assets)
  • Trade Þ Purpose Þ Needs & Wants Þ Contract
  • Data Þ Value Þ Meta-data Þ Roles
  • Program Þ Process Þ Schedule Þ Property Þ Value
  • Value Þ Quantity & Quality
  • Production Þ Cost D Quality D Schedule balance
  • Title Þ Asset Ownership  ~ copyright, trademark, procession
  • Follow-the-Money Þ Process Þ Trade Þ Money (conveyance)
  • Payment Þ Money
  • If exist Þ then Þ else
  • Syntax (structure) Þ Semantics (meaning)
  • Joint and Disjoint  Þ In contracts, the two principals (A & B ) have a joint agreement. When an activity involves more than two principals (A,B, C) . A & B and B & C are two separate joint agreements.. A & C are disjoint with no common agreement.  B may supply parts to A. C may supply parts to B, that B uses to make parts for A. 

Medical Business Terms

  • Medical Expense = fee & medical service
  • An Episode of Care Þ Medical Expense & Qualification {Edibility, Time, Purpose}
  • Authorize Þ Permission to transfer title
  • Reimbursement = A principal’s payback to a principal for money paid the principal paid on behalf of a contract.
  • Copayment = the policy amount insurer pays and and insured each agree to pay for  medical fee. 
  • Deductible = The insurer’s time-based threshold amount of medical fees the insured pays before the insurer’s payout.
  • Premiums = the direct cost of an insurance policy. Usually an employer pays some and the employee pays some.
  • Insurance = a contract, policy, between the insured and the insurer whereby the insurer guarantees liability protection for the insured. 
  • Insurance payout = the insurer's liability protection amount given to the insured for purposes of paying the liability. 
  • Patient = the person receiving medical treatment at a provider.
  • Provider = the person or organization supplying medical treatment.
  • In-network provider =  an agreement between the provider and the insurance copy on cost for medical expenses.
  • Explanation of Benefits =  the insurer's calculation report based the in-network agreement detailing the copayment amounts.
  • Provider Invoice =  a detail list of the treatment fees and services requesting patient payment
  • Invoice Payment =  the money paid against the invoice

Veteran:

  • Paragraph 38 U.S. Code § 1725. Reimbursement for emergency treatment Statue (a)(2) instructs (assigns) the VA either pay the veteran or pay the provider.
  • Title USC 38 Veterans’ Benefits is a benefit grant from Congress to every veteran and an authorization for Veteran’s Administration to be Congress's Agent to use the Federal Budget for veteran's benefits payment. 
  • 38 USC 1725 Contracts
  1. VA & Veteran  ~ role: Benefit Payout
    1. VA & Provider ~ role: Veteran assigns VA to pay medical expense treatmentPatient & Provider ~ role: treatment & payment responsibility
    2.  Provider & Insurance Company ~ role in-network agreement
    3. Patient (insured) & Insurance Company (insurer)
Note: the VA does not have a contract with an insurance company at non-VA faculty therefore not rights to policy terms. The VA is disjoint from the insurance company.
  • Maximum Allowable Amount = Medicare fee

  • Information Generation Distortion =  The VA's multiplication of business instructions causes errors in compliance with the Law:   Law > Regulations > Policy > Procedures
  • The effect is the whisper game:




Thursday, June 27, 2019

Engineering: The Interloper Phenomena



The Interloper Phenomena

This is a computer folklore story I heard many years ago. The story illustrated the essence of technology security. I do not know how the actual story’s facts, however, the story can be told with different facts; however, the essence and outcome would be the same. 

In the mid-1970s, Wang was a company in Massachusetts who fostered a computer-based word processing system. Boston legal companies hired armies of legal secretaries. The secretaries would type pages and pages of legal documents flawlessly without errors. Most legal contracts required multiple original documents for signatures. The effort required to constantly key typewriters quickly and accurately could take years to be highly skilled. A typical large law firm could have dozens of legal secretaries. 

Wang’s marketing to the law firm was a simple business proposal. A Wang word processing system can replace many legal secretaries. The cost and the return made eliminating legal secretaries and easy business decision. 

From the legal secretary perspective, the word processor would destroy a craft that took years to perfect. Management offered training on the new system. The secretaries revolted and walked out of the offices. When the revolt quieted, the secretaries return to their offices. Upon entering the room, all the desks, and all the typewriters were gone. At the room’s center were a desk and a word processor. Management still offered training, but only a few secretaries would have a job.

This story is a framework for security schemes that repeats over and over. Security never has full immunity from agents of change. The design, development, and use of a security system establishes an entity with characteristics.  A security entity has two sides safety and risk. Within each side, the characteristics are the targets for the change agent. The phenomena caused by the change can be benign to malicious.    

An interloper is something or someone that interferes with a security system. The change agent is the interloper. The legal secretaries experienced the word processor as an interloper that intruded their hard-earned profession. A hacker is an interloper that breached the modern technology system. A mosquito biting the skin is an interloper. A bolt of lightning in a forest can be an interloper that causes a forest fire.

The term “interloper phenomena” refers to the action of the interloper and events regarding the interloper’s action.  A security consultant may recommend means to avoid an interloper phenomenon. A damage assessment team may resolve the effects of interloper phenomena.  The change caused by the word processor, the hacker, the mosquito, and the lighting are examples of the interloper phenomena.



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A collection of Joseph Flanigan's drawings

  A collection of Joseph Flanigan's drawings.

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